? Download Ebook The Royal Navy, Seapower and Strategy Between the Wars, by Christopher Bell

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The Royal Navy, Seapower and Strategy Between the Wars, by Christopher Bell

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This is the first study to show how the Royal Navy’s ideas about the meaning and application of seapower shaped its policies in the interwar period. Drawing on a wide range of unpublished sources, the author challenges the accepted view that the intellectual shortcomings of Britain’s naval leaders resulted in poor strategic planning and an inability to meet the challenges of the Second World War.

This book provides the first comprehensive survey of the navy’s strategies for dealing with possible wars with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan, and even the United States. It argues that the “Singapore Strategy” has been widely misunderstood, that there was in fact more than one strategy developed for war with Japan, that the navy’s war plans placed greater emphasis on maritime economic pressure than decisive sea battles, and that the influence of Alfred Thayer Mahan on the interwar navy has been greatly exaggerated.

The author also reveals how the “One Power Standard” did not fundamentally affect the outcome of the navy’s ongoing struggle with the Treasury for funds, how the service’s interest in “showing the flag” abroad was linked to its concerns over the health of the naval armaments industry at home, and how the navy reluctantly employed propaganda between the wars to revive its popularity with the British public.

The book argues that naval leaders possessed a more sophisticated and flexible understanding of the strengths and limitations of sea power than previous studies have recognized, and that Britain’s strategic position during the 1930s would have been stronger if their advice had been followed. The author concludes that the navy’s efforts to shape British grand strategy were largely unsuccessful, however, because civilian decision-makers often had different views about the role of sea power in the modern world.

• Sales Rank: #1896390 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
• Published on: 2000-09-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.12 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 256 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"To appreciate fully the quality and sophistication of Bell's analysis, one must read the book for oneself. . . . It is clearly written, and even those who are primarily intersted in the U.S. Navy will find it accessible and useful for comparison with the American experience during this era. Those interested in the Royal Navy will find Bell's study indispensable."—Naval War College Revies

From the Inside Flap
This is the first study to show how the Royal Navy’s ideas about the meaning and application of seapower shaped its policies in the interwar period. Drawing on a wide range of unpublished sources, the author challenges the accepted view that the intellectual shortcomings of Britain’s naval leaders resulted in poor strategic planning and an inability to meet the challenges of the Second World War.
This book provides the first comprehensive survey of the navy’s strategies for dealing with possible wars with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan, and even the United States. It argues that the “Singapore Strategy” has been widely misunderstood, that there was in fact more than one strategy developed for war with Japan, that the navy’s war plans placed greater emphasis on maritime economic pressure than decisive sea battles, and that the influence of Alfred Thayer Mahan on the interwar navy has been greatly exaggerated.
The author also reveals how the “One Power Standard” did not fundamentally affect the outcome of the navy’s ongoing struggle with the Treasury for funds, how the service’s interest in “showing the flag” abroad was linked to its concerns over the health of the naval armaments industry at home, and how the navy reluctantly employed propaganda between the wars to revive its popularity with the British public.
The book argues that naval leaders possessed a more sophisticated and flexible understanding of the strengths and limitations of sea power than previous studies have recognized, and that Britain’s strategic position during the 1930s would have been stronger if their advice had been followed. The author concludes that the navy’s efforts to shape British grand strategy were largely unsuccessful, however, because civilian decision-makers often had different views about the role of sea power in the modern world.

From the Back Cover
“To appreciate fully the quality and sophistication of Bell’s analysis, one must read the book for oneself. . . . It is clearly written, and even those who are primarily intersted in the U.S. Navy will find it accessible and useful for comparison with the American experience during this era. Those interested in the Royal Navy will find Bell’s study indispensable.”—Naval War College Revies

Most helpful customer reviews

11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
The Royal Navy between the Wars
By Michael Leach
I started off with the disadvantage that I had met Stephen Roskill and his wife Elizabeth on three occasions and admired him immensely. I bought all his books from Naval Policy between the Wars onwards and three of them have his inscription in them. So you will understand that I am strong admirer of Roskill. As well I found him to be a brilliant raconteur. That somebody should be writing a book apparently from its title to be covering the same ground as Roskill's 'Naval Policy betwen the Wars', I almost took to be a personal insult against myself.
Having read Christopher Bell's book three times, I cannot commend it strongly enough to readers with an interest in the Royal Navy in this era. In general it looks at the RN more from a strategy point of view and shows just how important the Singapore/Japanese thinking was for the Admiralty from 1919 to 1941. There is much new material refered to in the book, many times using sources not considered by Roskill.
Rather than dwelling on the negatives of the inter-war years, Christopher Bell shows how the RN largely managed to rebuild itself into an effective fighting machine for WW2, with the exception of the Fleet Air Arm planes.
The book is well written, is jargon free and is well composed and nicely paced.
If Roskill had been alive, I know he would have given the book a good review. There is no greater compliment.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Coping with less
By James Levy
Christopher Bell is one of the most judicious military historians I know. He is bright, careful, but stong when he comes to a conclusion. Here he argues that the Royal Navy had a pretty good idea of what it was doing in the interwar period and did about as well as could have been expected despite the massive budget cuts that came on the heels of World War I. The Navy remained alert and fairly flexible given the relative neglect of the years 1922-1935, retaining its self-belief despite the frustrations of the First World War.

Could the book have included more of the economic and political context in which the Navy operated? Yes, I think it could have. But along with Gordon's book on the Admiralty and Maiolo's book on rearmament Bell's book illuminates an impressive and valuable picture of what the Royal Navy was up to in the interwar period. The three books together form an essential addendum to Roskill's Naval Policy Between the Wars; no person who wants a deep and serious understanding of that period in naval history, or of British defense planning and foreign policy, can avoid this book.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Role of royal navy
By John Fennelly
Extremely well written , historical accurate and dovetails perfectly with churchill on sea power.Easy to read and digest, definitely need for an understanding of British naval strategy.

See all 3 customer reviews...

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~~ Download Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Writing Science), by Thierry Bardini

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Bootstrapping analyzes the genesis of personal computing from both technological and social perspectives, through a close study of the pathbreaking work of one researcher, Douglas Engelbart. In his lab at the Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s, Engelbart, along with a small team of researchers, developed some of the cornerstones of personal computing as we know it, including the mouse, the windowed user interface, and hypertext. Today, all these technologies are well known, even taken for granted, but the assumptions and motivations behind their invention are not. Bootstrapping establishes Douglas Engelbart's contribution through a detailed history of both the material and the symbolic constitution of his system's human-computer interface in the context of the computer research community in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.

Engelbart felt that the complexity of many of the world's problems was becoming overwhelming, and the time for solving these problems was becoming shorter and shorter. What was needed, he determined, was a system that would augment human intelligence, co-transforming or co-evolving both humans and the machines they use. He sought a systematic way to think and organize this coevolution in an effort to discover a path on which a radical technological improvement could lead to a radical improvement in how to make people work effectively. What was involved in Engelbart's project was not just the invention of a computerized system that would enable humans, acting together, to manage complexity, but the invention of a new kind of human, "the user." What he ultimately envisioned was a "bootstrapping" process by which those who actually invented the hardware and software of this new system would simultaneously reinvent the human in a new form.

The book also offers a careful narrative of the collapse of Engelbart's laboratory at Stanford Research Institute, and the further translation of Engelbart's vision. It shows that Engelbart's ultimate goal of coevolution came to be translated in terms of technological progress and human adaptation to supposedly user-friendly technologies. At a time of the massive diffusion of the World Wide Web, Bootstrapping recalls the early experiments and original ideals that led to today's "information revolution."

• Sales Rank: #1701751 in Books
• Color: Multicolor
• Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
• Published on: 2000-12-01
• Released on: 2000-12-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.25" h x .87" w x 6.13" l, .99 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 312 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Amazon.com Review
Some revolutions are thoroughly televised. When Douglas Engelbart first demonstrated small-w windows and a funny wooden device called a mouse back in 1968, interest jumped quickly and he became the progenitor of the PC. Now, less widely known than the successful entrepreneurs who made billions from his innovations, his story deserves deeper attention as an outstanding example of practical creative research. Communications professor Thierry Bardini examines the scope of his work before and during his tenure at the Stanford Research Institute in Bootstrapping, a thoughtful history of an underreported story.

Bardini cleverly sidesteps the postmodern superanalysis of his colleagues to present a clear, straightforward glimpse into Engelbart's environment of inspiration. As an engineer familiar with the earliest computers, he quickly came to understand that their complexity could rapidly outpace human ability to cope--and thus was born the concept of the "user." His team used their computing power to determine how best to use their computing power--a reflexive assignment of profound brilliance--and churned out novel concepts and designs faster than their contemporaries could absorb them.

How and why this occurred as it did is the focus of Bardini's research, and students of creativity and the history of computing will have fits of ecstasy that he has compiled his work so accessibly. Better still, Bootstrapping shows research done right and is essential reading for R&D types everywhere. --Rob Lightner

Review
"Bootstrapping fills an important gap in the story of personal computing."—Technology and Culture

"Thierry Bardini particularly explores the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of Engelbart's book. . . . Indeed, the breadth of Engelbart's contributions and influence, documented in meticulous detail, are astonishing. . . ."—Enterprise & Society

"Anyone who has worked in computer-human interface or in and around Silicon Valley institutions such as SRI, Xerox PARC, IBM Almaden Research Center or Apple Computer will certainly relish this book. Moreover, those in a private, government or non-profit office filled with the fruits of contemporary productivity technology will appreciate Bardini's tales of politics, committees, funding and grants, demos to funders and skeptical management, and all those fascinating projects at PARC and SRI."—Leonardo Reviews

From the Inside Flap
Bootstrapping analyzes the genesis of personal computing from both technological and social perspectives, through a close study of the pathbreaking work of one researcher, Douglas Engelbart. In his lab at the Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s, Engelbart, along with a small team of researchers, developed some of the cornerstones of personal computing as we know it, including the mouse, the windowed user interface, and hypertext. Today, all these technologies are well known, even taken for granted, but the assumptions and motivations behind their invention are not. Bootstrapping establishes Douglas Engelbart’s contribution through a detailed history of both the material and the symbolic constitution of his system’s human-computer interface in the context of the computer research community in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.
Engelbart felt that the complexity of many of the world’s problems was becoming overwhelming, and the time for solving these problems was becoming shorter and shorter. What was needed, he determined, was a system that would augment human intelligence, co-transforming or co-evolving both humans and the machines they use. He sought a systematic way to think and organize this coevolution in an effort to discover a path on which a radical technological improvement could lead to a radical improvement in how to make people work effectively. What was involved in Engelbart’s project was not just the invention of a computerized system that would enable humans, acting together, to manage complexity, but the invention of a new kind of human, “the user.” What he ultimately envisioned was a “bootstrapping” process by which those who actually invented the hardware and software of this new system would simultaneously reinvent the human in a new form.
The book also offers a careful narrative of the collapse of Engelbart’s laboratory at Stanford Research Institute, and the further translation of Engelbart’s vision. It shows that Engelbart’s ultimate goal of coevolution came to be translated in terms of technological progress and human adaptation to supposedly user-friendly technologies. At a time of the massive diffusion of the World Wide Web, Bootstrapping recalls the early experiments and original ideals that led to today’s “information revolution.”

Most helpful customer reviews

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Story of a little known pioneer!
By A Customer
These days only the big guys get the credit for the technology we use every day. In Bootstrapping, Bardini looks at the life and contributions of Douglas Engelbart to the personal computing revolution. More than the story of technology, Bootstrapping is the story of a personal crusade to make interfacing with computers easier. Bardini focuses too much on the person and not enough on the context of Engelbart's innovations, hence the 4 stars.

8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Uneven, but interesting account of Engelbart's crusade.
By Marcin Wichary
While possibly everyone even mildly interested in the history of GUIs will have heard of Doug Engelbart's groundbreaking "mother of all demos" of oNLine System from 1968, there's usually much less emphasis on its history, relevance and context. "Bootstrapping" provides this knowledge, giving a detailed history of Doug Engelbart's "crusade" -- starting with his studies and ending with the closure of Augmentation Research Center. It also positions NLS in a broader context of Engelbart's vision of the symbiosis of the user and the system, which went much further and deeper than just the mouse and proto-hypertext (that's not to say that these inventions do not get their fair share of attention in the book). Superbly researched, the book suffers from sometimes overly dry and scholarly tone, going into unnecessary details, and perhaps exhibiting too much sympathy for Engelbart. However, it's worth its cover price, even if for accurate portrayal of the future that hasn't been.

1 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Disappointing
By David C. Hay
I only learned of Douglas Englebart recently, and was impressed. I could have gone to Stanford in the late 60s, and who knows how my life might have been changed if I had met him? His vision that the computer should not be a partner but an intellectual prosthesis was fascinating to me, since I had sort of figured that out in the 1970s myself, but I never articulated it. I appreciated this book's description of his campaign to promulgate this idea. It was also interesting to discover that over time, his group was subject to the same sorts of political and personal problems that Information Technology groups have been suffering from ever since.

The problem is that the author made it very difficult to see the story. The writing style was very difficult to follow, with way too many details not really packaged in a meaningful way. There was a really interesting story hiding in there, but you had to work much too hard to find it.

See all 4 customer reviews...

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# Free Ebook The Jews of Pinsk, 1881 to 1941 (Stanford Studies in Jewish History and C), by Azriel Shohet

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The Jews of Pinsk is the most detailed and comprehensive history of a single Jewish community in any language. This second portion of this study focuses on Pinsk's turbulent final sixty years, showing the reality of life in this important, and in many ways representative, Eastern European Jewish community. From the 1905 Russian revolution through World War One and the long prologue to the Holocaust, the sweep of world history and the fate of this dynamic center of Jewish life were intertwined. Pinsk's role in the bloody aftermath of World War One is still the subject of scholarly debates: the murder of 35 Jewish men from Pinsk, many from its educated elite, provoked the American and British leaders to send emissaries to Pinsk. Shohet argues that the executions were a deliberate ploy by the Polish military and government to intimidate the Jewish population of the new Poland. Despite an increasingly hostile Polish state, Pinsk's Jews managed to maintain their community through the 1920s and 30s—until World War Two brought a grim Soviet interregnum succeeded by the entry of the Nazis on July 4th, 1941.

For the first volume of this two-volume collection, see The Jews of Pinsk, 1506-1880.

• Sales Rank: #2352023 in Books
• Published on: 2013-01-09
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 2.20" w x 6.00" l, 2.75 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 792 pages

Review
"[The Jews of Pinsk, 1881 to 1941] is an impressive and very complete account of Jewish life in Pinsk . . . [I]t remains a testament to his dedication to the subject and constitutes a major resource for all those interested in the history of the Jews of Eastern Europe."—Antony Polonsky, Studies in Contemporary Jewry

"Shohet's study exposes the intricacies of Jewish life in Pinsk from 1881 until 1941. Using many Hebrew and Yiddish newspapers, memoirs, testimonies, and eyewitness interviews, the author paints a colorful portrait of Pinsk's Jewry . . . The book makes an important contribution to scholarship on the history of Jewish urban culture, social movements, economy, and education, furthering the study of Jewish history in eastern Europe in its micro-historical context, without losing the lines of broader contemporary Jewish scholarship."—Albert Kaganovitch, H-Judaic

"Shohet includes a wealth of data regarding Jewish culture and education in Pinsk, as well as details about Jewish communal and social welfare institutions during the period . . . These strengths make the book a useful reference work for scholars; the fine translation from the Hebrew will enable undergraduates and general readers to learn from it as well."—J. Haus, CHOICE

"This translation into English, largely due to the painstaking input of Moshe Rosman (who corrected many references and notes), is even better than the original. It will long remain a standard and reliable reference book on the history of a Jewish community in interwar Poland and on the context of Jewish religious life in this period."—Shaul Stampfer, Religious Studies Review

"This is a wonderful piece of scholarship that enlightens our understanding of Jewish communal life in Eastern Europe in modern times. What makes the book fascinating is the use of rare materials, including archival documents, unpublished letters, memoirs, rare newspapers in four languages, and conversations with individuals from Pinsk. The book's importance lies in the fact that we are shown in detail how a single city fared from before World War I up until World War II." —Brian Horowitz, Tulane University

About the Author
Azriel Shohet was a faculty member at what became the University of Haifa. Mark Jay Mirsky is Professor of English at The City College of New York. Moshe Rosman is Professor of Jewish History of Bar Ilan University in Israel.

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... Eastern Europe for Jewish people so I can understand better the challenges
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I'm truly enjoying being placed in the time of events that took place in Eastern Europe for Jewish people so I can understand better the challenges.

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A person of rare talent and broad appeal, Dhan Gopal Mukerji (1890-1936) holds the distinction of being the first South Asian immigrant to have a successful career in the United States as a man of letters. As the author of two dozen published volumes of poetry, drama, fiction, social commentary, philosophy, translations, and children's stories, Mukerji was a pivotal figure in the transmission and interpretation of Indian traditions to Americans in the first several decades of the twentieth century. This reissue of his classic autobiography Caste and Outcast, with a new Introduction and Afterword, seeks to revitalize interest in Mukerji and his work and to contribute to the exploration of the South Asian experience in America.

Originally published in 1923, this book is an exercise in both cultural translation and cultural critique. In the first half of the book, Mukerji draws upon his early experiences as a Bengali Brahmin in India, hoping to convey to readers "an intimate impression of eastern life"; the second half describes Mukerji's coming to America and his experiences as a student, worker, and activist in California.

Mukerji's text, written in an engaging personal style, is the kind of ethnographic writing that seeks to render intelligible and familiar the unfamiliar and the exotic. Gordon H. Chang's substantial Introduction locates the story of Caste and Outcast within the larger context of Mukerji's life, tracing the author's personal history and his connections to such major figures as Jawaharlal Nehru, M. N. Roy, Van Wyck Brooks, Roger Baldwin, and Will Durant. The Afterword, by Purnima Mankekar and Akhil Gupta, examines the ways in which Mukerji stretches the limits of the autobiographical genre and provides a counternarrative to the dominant nationalist account of American society.

• Sales Rank: #1839934 in Books
• Color: Brown
• Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
• Published on: 2002-03-05
• Released on: 2002-03-05
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.50" h x .90" w x 5.50" l, .74 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 288 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"A fascinating insight into the Asian-American world of the last century. Dhan Gopal Mukerji was a genuine pioneer, and his career brims with portents for the generation of Asian-American writers that is now coming into its own."—Amitav Ghosh, Queen's College, CUNY, author of The Glass Palace and In an Antique Land

"This is a quirky and fascinating book—brilliant and exasperating in equal measure—which gives one a unique insight into theexperience of an Indian immigrant to the U.S. in the early 20th century, but which also addresses in many essential respects the experience of immigrants everywhere."—Vikram Seth, author of A Suitable Boy and The Golden Gate

"Dhan Gopal Mukerji's Caste and Outcaste has long stood alone, a rare early 20th century testimony by a perceptive intellectual about his life in India and America. The reprint benefits greatly from the fine introduction by historian Gordon Chang and an elegant, thought-provoking essay by anthropologists Akhil Gupta and Purnima Mankekar. Mukerji's life and work are made meaningful once again."—Karen Leonard, University of California at Irvine, author of The South Asian Americans

"A man who, through his writing, offered one of the earliest glimpses into the complexity of an educated immigrant's life in America. Through his observations and even through what he does not say, Mukerji at once lends his readers a sense of darkness and alienation, as well as great insight and literary skill."—India West

"Caste and Outcast offers a fascinating glimpse into the life and times of a very early and seemingly reluctant Indian immigrant to America."—Literate World
"[The book] brings to life what it meant to be an immigrant from the Indian subcontinent at a time when there were not too many like him even in California."—Literate World
"Caste and Outcast is full of brilliant by-the-way snapshots of the life in India and America in the early 1920s and 1930s that Mujerki captures quite effortlessly."—Literate World
"This book is full of merit."—Literate World

From the Inside Flap
A person of rare talent and broad appeal, Dhan Gopal Mukerji (1890-1936) holds the distinction of being the first South Asian immigrant to have a successful career in the United States as a man of letters. As the author of two dozen published volumes of poetry, drama, fiction, social commentary, philosophy, translations, and children's stories, Mukerji was a pivotal figure in the transmission and interpretation of Indian traditions to Americans in the first several decades of the twentieth century. This reissue of his classic autobiography Caste and Outcast, with a new Introduction and Afterword, seeks to revitalize interest in Mukerji and his work and to contribute to the exploration of the South Asian experience in America.
Originally published in 1923, this book is an exercise in both cultural translation and cultural critique. In the first half of the book, Mukerji draws upon his early experiences as a Bengali Brahmin in India, hoping to convey to readers "an intimate impression of eastern life"; the second half describes Mukerji’s coming to America and his experiences as a student, worker, and activist in California.
Mukerji’s text, written in an engaging personal style, is the kind of ethnographic writing that seeks to render intelligible and familiar the unfamiliar and the exotic. Gordon H. Chang’s substantial Introduction locates the story of Caste and Outcast within the larger context of Mukerji’s life, tracing the author’s personal history and his connections to such major figures as Jawaharlal Nehru, M. N. Roy, Van Wyck Brooks, Roger Baldwin, and Will Durant. The Afterword, by Purnima Mankekar and Akhil Gupta, examines the ways in which Mukerji stretches the limits of the autobiographical genre and provides a counternarrative to the dominant nationalist account of American society.

From the Back Cover
“A fascinating insight into the Asian-American world of the last century. Dhan Gopal Mukerji was a genuine pioneer, and his career brims with portents for the generation of Asian-American writers that is now coming into its own.”—Amitav Ghosh, Queen’s College, CUNY, author of The Glass Palace and In an Antique Land
“This is a quirky and fascinating book—brilliant and exasperating in equal measure—which gives one a unique insight into theexperience of an Indian immigrant to the U.S. in the early 20th century, but which also addresses in many essential respects the experience of immigrants everywhere.”—Vikram Seth, author of A Suitable Boy and The Golden Gate

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6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
The Pioneering Indian-American Writer: Dhan Gopal Mukerji's Autobiography
By C J Singh
Dhan Gopal Mukerji's autobiography, "Caste and Outcast," was originally published by E. P. Dutton in 1923. It has now been republished by Stanford University Press with a 40-page introduction by historian Gordon Chang and a substantial afterword article, "The Homeless Self: Problems of Cultural Translation in Autobiography," by anthropologists Purnima Mankekar and Akhil Gupta. All three editors are professors at Stanford.

Mukerji (1890-1936) was the first South Asian immigrant to the United States to carve out a successful literary career, publishing more than twenty books of nonfiction, fiction, poetry, drama, translations, and children's stories. "Caste and Outcast" was the first book on India written by an Indian that was widely read in America. It won high critical acclaim: Saturday Evening Post reviewed it as "the most important and inspiring book that has appeared in America since the war." It also garnered considerable commercial success. Reprinted five times in the 1920s, it was translated into French, Czech, and other languages. Its theme is the contrast between Hinduism's pervasive spirituality and tolerance and the Western world's materialism and religious dogmas. Mukerji proposes that the West should learn "repose and meditation" from India, and India should learn the value of "activity and science" from the West.

As an interpreter of Indian thought and spirituality, Mukerji's influence on American literary circles was considerable. Among his long-time literary associates were the eminent literary critic Van Wyck Brooks and the historians Will and Ariel Durant. (When the Durants published their 8-volume "The Story of Civilization," they entitled their first volume "Our Oriental Heritage.") Chang notes: "Mukerji's opus was an integral part of a far-flung intellectual effort in the early twentieth century that seriously studied Indian civilization and drew upon it for inspiration and direction." This included T. S. Eliot, Theodore Dreiser, Eugene O'Neill, Lewis Mumford, Luther Burbank, and A. J. Liebling."

"Caste and Outcast" was published when Mukerji was 33, but tells the story of his life only till age 25 and that too with several gaps. A major reason for the gaps is that he did not conceive the book as a conventional autobiography; its focus is on his spiritual quest in India and in America.

The book's first part, Caste, describes his growing up in a Brahmin family in India: the early spiritual training he received from his mother; his initiation into Brahmin priesthood at the age of fourteen; his years of spiritual wandering; his studies at the University of Calcutta; and his brief stay in Japan. The second part, Outcast, describes his arriving in the United States; studying at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1910 to 1913; and laboring in the farms and factories of California to earn money for his studies. One of the gaps in the autobiography is Mukerji's transfer to Stanford, where he completed his degree. This and other gaps are elucidated in Chang's essay, which gives us a more complete biography including Mukerji's marriage to a fellow Stanford student, Pat Dugan, in 1918; his great success on the lecture circuit and the popularity of many of his books; the birth of his son; his friendships with international luminaries like Jawaharlal Nehru and the French litterateur Romain Rolland; his nervous breakdowns; and his suicide at age 46.

In "Caste and Outcast," Mukerji depicts India as a tolerant Hindu civilization, illustrating it with numerous narratives. An example: As a child, Mukerji brings home a picture of Christ given to him by his Christian teacher in the missionary school with the admonition to get rid of false Hindu gods and instead worship the only true god, Christ. Mukerji's mother places the picture of Christ next to Vishnu's and says, "God is one. We have given him many names. Why should we quarrel about names?" She burns incense and meditates before the images of Christ and Vishnu.

In contrast to this tolerance, Mukerji sees the Muslim period of Indian history as horribly oppressive to the Hindus, during which the Hindus had to abandon some of their highly evolved traditions: "The Mohammedans wanted to convert all India to Mohammedanism . . . the Hindus were not willing converts but resisted to the point of death . . . When the Hindu men died fighting, the entire female population of garrison towns, in order not to fall into the hands of their conquerors, burned themselves alive. . . . Girls before they reached the age of maturity were irrevocably betrothed to young Hindus, so that they could be protected from the Mohammedan enemies . . . Mohammedan rule saw in India a new marriage system totally unlike the ancient 'sayamvara,' meaning the choice."

Mukerji's narratives about Muslims in India are in the tradition of the pioneering Indian novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's "Anand Math," which depicts the Muslims as hostile, bigoted, polygamous people practicing a foreign religion. (The editors' essays do not bring up the matter of Chatterjee's obvious influence on Mukerji's thinking.) The one exception to these negative depictions of Muslims occurs in Mukerji's narrative about his father's old Muslim music teacher, who was held in affectionate regard by the Mukerji family. Even in this case, it is the Mukerji family that is shown as tolerant and hospitable, going to the extent of cooking meat dishes for the Muslim guest even though the family is strictly vegetarian.

The major factor in the popularity of "Caste and Outcast" among American readers is the exotic setting of India. Another factor is the author's engaging narrative style, evident throughout the book. For example, in the chapter about his early childhood, he tells the story of the peacocks: The owners of these beautiful creatures naturally wish to show them off to their friends, but how to keep a peacock at home in the afternoon has always been a problem. They usually leave the house in the morning and go hunting for snakes out in the country, and they do not come back again until night time. To solve the problem of getting the peacock home, they have cultivated the drug habit in the bird. At a certain time of day the peacock is given a grain of opium: thus, no matter where it may be, when that time arrives it will come home begging for the opium. After the opium the peacocks will stay around the house and can be shown to visitors.

The "Outcast" in the title refers primarily to Mukerji's experience in America as a newly arrived, penniless Indian student at the University of California, Berkeley, where he suffered from racial discrimination -- the Indian students were routinely refused service in the campus restaurants. To support himself he had to take up menial jobs. Summers, he worked as a farmhand along with Sikh and other North Indian immigrants in central California. He describes his experience of working with the Sikhs positively. In contrast, he found working with Muslim immigrants troubling, particularly their brutal custom of preparing "halal" meat : "The Mohammedans would not buy the American butcher's meat, for animals whose flesh they eat must be killed by having their throats cut and in no other way. So they bought three big rams and after a great deal of prayer and benediction cut their throats. The poor creatures writhed in mortal pain for a few moments as the blood gushed out and wet the ground. I said to Hadji, 'Why do you kill this way?' 'It is the way of our Lord; it is in the Koran,' he answered me."

The Outcast section contains two chapters about Mukerji's friendship with several members of the International Workers of the World in Berkeley. Unlike other labor groups, these radical socialists welcomed laborers of all races and religions, a principle that strongly appealed to Mukerji.

The publication of Caste and Outcast immediately established Mukerji as a major young writer in America. Except for poems, Mukerji wrote all of his books after this success. Among them was "Gay Neck: The Story of a Pigeon," which won the Newberry Medal in 1927 for children's literature. In 1928, Mukerji was the first to publish a rejoinder to American journalist Katherine Mayo's notorious "Mother India," which she had published after a 6-month tour of India.(Mayo's book was dismissed by Mahatma Gandhi as "a drain inspector's report.") . Mukerji titled his rejoinder "A Son of Mother India Answers." In 1931, Mukerji published his translation of the Bhagavat Gita under the title "The Song of God." However, during the Depression the public was not buying books as before.

After this decline, Mukerji suffered several nervous breakdowns. He secluded himself from family and friends and started spending more and more time in long solitary meditation sessions, culminating in his suicide at age 46. I see a psychological clue to the suicide in the very first chapter of "Caste and Outcast": "My mother said to me, 'Never stop halfway on any path. Go on like the rivers, to the end, and you will find that in the end you have reached God.'" Misinterpreted advice applied to "samadhi"? (As a Hindi-Urdu anonymous Sufi poet put it: "Gar didar ka hivas hai, toh hasti bhi matta dey." If you yearn for vision of the Divine, let go of your finite being.)

It is gratifying to have this pioneering book, which sheds light on Indian and American religious history, available once more. Although the essay by Mankrekar and Gupta, suffused as it is in anthropological jargon, will appeal mainly to the specialist in anthropology and in academic postcolonial studies, the autobiography itself and Chang's introduction, will serve the general reader well.

Chang points out: "The history of Indian religious beliefs in America is widely under-appreciated and certainly under-studied." This book will help remedy the lag.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
... the earlier than I expected and the book looks great!
By Yavuz Turker
I have received the book earlier than I expected and the book looks great!

1 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
The worst!
By Bill
That it was included in the "California History" category was even worse! The Introduction sets you up by letting out it's little secret as being less then truthful. You can find for yourself that hardly any of could be taken in any truthful context. Maybe he was relying on his own self centered celebrity and thinking he could get over on the "uncultured" American public by writing down anything he thought fanciful! He imparts all this vast (it VERY unbelievably goes on and on and on and on) wisdom that his illiterate mother imparted to him but in the end it didn't do him any good because he took his own life at an early age! Probably payback for his intolerant higher and smarter than thou swipes at the Christian faith. And the Introduction and Afterwards fall all over themselves trying to inject some sort of relevance and importance that they only exposes a flailing attempt to create a need of themselves to explain to the common folk what they are incapable of understanding further securing for themselves their tenured positions. It has nothing relevant to do with Asian Studies in this day and age of information and for sure has nothing to do with CA History! I doubt his children's book are any different from the content of this book.

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## Free Ebook CrowdsFrom Schnapp, Jeffrey T. (EDT)/ Tiews, Matthew (EDT)

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Crowds explores the key role assumed by human multitudes in modern life by means of a graphically innovative, multi-author volume in which essays, word histories, and personal testimonies are woven together into a multiperspectival and multilayered group portrait. The portrait in question includes analyses of market crowds, crowds in modern art and literature, modern assemblies as compared to their premodern and ancient counterparts, modern sports crowds, human multitudes and mass media such as photography and cinema, crowds as political actors, and the emergence of crowd-centered discourses in social sciences such as psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Contributors include Stefan Jonsson, Allen Guttmann, Susanna Elm, John Plotz, Christine Poggi, William Egginton, Haun Saussy, Joan Ramon Resina, and Charles Tilly, with testimonies by authors such as Greil Marcus, Richard Rorty, Michel Serres, Alain Schnapp, Michael Hardt, T. J. Clark, and Susan Buck-Morss. The book represents the main output of one of the Stanford Humanities Lab's prototype "Big Humanities" projects and is supported by an extensive website (http://crowds.stanford.edu) which includes virtual galleries, video capture of the November 2005 Crowds seminar, and a database of early social science readings on modern crowds.

• Sales Rank: #1646571 in Books
• Brand: Schnapp, Jeffrey T. (EDT)/ Tiews, Matthew (EDT)
• Published on: 2006-06-28
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 10.00" h x 1.20" w x 9.00" l, 2.76 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 416 pages

Review
"This work is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary st of analyses of crowds of most every variety: political crowds, sports crowds, captive crowds, masses, packs and mobs, etc... [This] fascinating work should appeal to a wide audience."—CHOICE

"Combined, the book and web site offer unparalleled breadth and depth of research on crowds that will be likely to remain the gold standard on this topic for some time to come. . . . In its size, exuberant diversity, electronic research capabilities, and focus on a common topic, Crowds presents an exciting demonstration of what can be accomplished in collaborative humanities research."—N. Katherine Hayles, Afterword to Crowds

"Crowds asserts itself as a highly successful project and collaborative book that sets a high standard for all "hybrid" and cooperative forms of scholarship in the future, one which provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art examination of its subject." —Modernism/Modernity

From the Inside Flap
Crowds explores the key role assumed by human multitudes in modern life by means of a graphically innovative, multi-author volume in which essays, word histories, and personal testimonies are woven together into a multiperspectival and multilayered group portrait. The portrait in question includes analyses of market crowds, crowds in modern art and literature, modern assemblies as compared to their premodern and ancient counterparts, modern sports crowds, human multitudes and mass media such as photography and cinema, crowds as political actors, and the emergence of crowd-centered discourses in social sciences such as psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Contributors include Stefan Jonsson, Allen Guttmann, Susanna Elm, John Plotz, Christine Poggi, William Egginton, Haun Saussy, Joan Ramon Resina, and Charles Tilly, with testimonies by authors such as Greil Marcus, Richard Rorty, Michel Serres, Alain Schnapp, Michael Hardt, T. J. Clark, and Susan Buck-Morss. The book represents the main output of one of the Stanford Humanities Lab’s prototype “Big Humanities” projects and is supported by an extensive website (http://crowds.stanford.edu) which includes virtual galleries, video capture of the November 2005 Crowds seminar, and a database of early social science readings on modern crowds.

From the Back Cover
“Combined, the book and web site offer unparalleled breadth and depth of research on crowds that will be likely to remain the gold standard on this topic for some time to come. . . . In its size, exuberant diversity, electronic research capabilities, and focus on a common topic, Crowds presents an exciting demonstration of what can be accomplished in collaborative humanities research.”—N. Katherine Hayles, Afterword to Crowds

Most helpful customer reviews

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Illuminating and Engaging Study
By P. Hunt
This is a great, witty and well-written book studying human behavior from a literary reference point. Abounding in observation and psychological detail, it makes and explores many profound ideas on how humans are affected by crowds as well as popular accounts thereof. Hugely entertaining as well, one of my favorite excerpts is about shopping crowds and how they can simulate shark feeding frenzy. Anyone interested in reading about the range of human behavior in crowd contexts, including possible underlying mass psychosis, should also note the hypnotic qualities of crowd behavior annotated and described in this terrific book.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
The state of the art
By Casa Do Estoril Lda
Crowds have been a subject of discussion since Plato and Aristote. The issues related to crowds are so vast as to include philosophy, politics, sociology, psichology, social psichology,governance, history, literature and art. This book is not just another study around Le Bon, Tarde, Freud and Canetti, but a real multidisciplinary project of international impact. The authors understood that crowds do not fit in just a printed letter book, so they worked also on the visual side of the project and the "multivoiced" character of crowds. This resulted in a reader with up to date studies on crowd, some of them with a real insight and originality; an album with a strong visual impact; a presence throughout the book, in lateral texts, of vignettes on the words used in different languages to signify crowds and also personnal accounts of what is to be in the middle of the crowd. It says a lot about the multilayered structure of this book that is it part of a Stanford Universty project that included an excellent internet site and an exhibition of "crowded" political posters. I do recomend this book to all students interested in crowds and all those who would like to verify how to do an excellent approach to a social history of visual documents.
Eduardo Cintra Torres, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal, ect@netcabo.pt

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>> Download Ebook Indians, Merchants and Markets: A Reinterpretation of the Repartimiento and Spanish-Indian Economic Relations in Colonial Oaxaca, 1750-1821

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Traditional historiography describes the repartimiento de mercancías as a forced system of production and consumption in which officials of the Spanish crown compelled Mexican Indians to produce goods marketable in the Spanish economy and to purchase expensive and undesired Spanish products. The author challenges this conventional portrayal of Indian-Spanish economic relations by arguing that Indian market behavior was economically rational and voluntary. He further argues that the repartimiento was an institution designed to overcome market imperfections inherent in Mexico's colonial economy and to facilitate the extension of credit in a cross-cultural environment.

Examining repartimiento production of cochineal, a dyestuff produced exclusively by Oaxacan Indians and representing Mexico's most valued export after silver, this study shows that Indians produced cochineal for the market voluntarily because it provided them with needed income. The primary role of the repartimiento was to provide Mexico's indigenous peasantry with credit, without which they could not have participated in the market as extensively as they did. Owing to the difficulty of collecting debts, credit provision was monopolized by agents of the Crown, the alcaldes mayores, who alone possessed the legal leverage needed to enforce the payment of debts. Though Spanish officials profited from the repartimiento, their economic gains were not so great as traditionally believed.

Overall, the book demonstrates that Mexican Indians were much more actively engaged in the market than customarily imagined, and were adept at promoting their interests despite the discriminating policies of colonialism. The book rounds out its account of the repartimiento by examining the transatlantic trade in cochineal, especially in its late colonial decline.

• Sales Rank: #4143727 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
• Published on: 2000-12-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.25 pounds
• Binding: Hardcover
• 328 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Indians, Merchants, and Markets is an important, well-researched addition to the small but growing literature on the repartimiento."—The Americas

"His keen analysis of the Oaxacan case requires any future scholar of this subject to take his work into account."—American Historical Review

"Economic historian Jeremy Baskes has gone a considerable distance in convincingly rehabilitating one of the most vilified instruments of colonial domination in Spanish America, the notorious repartimiento de mercancias. . . . [An] excellent work in economic history. . . . The closely reasoned revisionism of Baskes' study is very welcome."—Journal of Social History

"Baskes' study manages to provide the most detailed account yet of the economics of small-scale rural credit in late colonial Mexico, as well as a lucid quantitative reconstruction of the costs and complications of the commodity export business during that period. . . . His compelling arguments certainly do away with the old certainties and invite further research on Indians and markets in colonial Latin America."—The Journal of Interdisciplinary History

"In this engaging monograph, Baskes reconstructs a tantalizing glimpse of the agricultural aspects of cochineal production . . . .[Indians, Merchants, and Markets] is a fascinating treatment of an undeservedly under-examined area of colonial Latin American history."—Canadian Journal of History

From the Inside Flap
Traditional historiography describes the repartimiento de mercancías as a forced system of production and consumption in which officials of the Spanish crown compelled Mexican Indians to produce goods marketable in the Spanish economy and to purchase expensive and undesired Spanish products. The author challenges this conventional portrayal of Indian-Spanish economic relations by arguing that Indian market behavior was economically rational and voluntary. He further argues that the repartimiento was an institution designed to overcome market imperfections inherent in Mexico’s colonial economy and to facilitate the extension of credit in a cross-cultural environment.
Examining repartimiento production of cochineal, a dyestuff produced exclusively by Oaxacan Indians and representing Mexico’s most valued export after silver, this study shows that Indians produced cochineal for the market voluntarily because it provided them with needed income. The primary role of the repartimiento was to provide Mexico’s indigenous peasantry with credit, without which they could not have participated in the market as extensively as they did. Owing to the difficulty of collecting debts, credit provision was monopolized by agents of the Crown, the alcaldes mayores, who alone possessed the legal leverage needed to enforce the payment of debts. Though Spanish officials profited from the repartimiento, their economic gains were not so great as traditionally believed.
Overall, the book demonstrates that Mexican Indians were much more actively engaged in the market than customarily imagined, and were adept at promoting their interests despite the discriminating policies of colonialism. The book rounds out its account of the repartimiento by examining the transatlantic trade in cochineal, especially in its late colonial decline.

From the Back Cover
“Indians, Merchants, and Markets is an important, well-researched addition to the small but growing literature on the repartimiento.”—The Americas
“His keen analysis of the Oaxacan case requires any future scholar of this subject to take his work into account.”—American Historical Review

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>> Ebook Download The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State, Second Edition, by Allen Johnson, Timothy Earle

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By combining an original thesis and a representative body of ethnographic data, this ambitious work seeks to describe and explain the growth in complexity of human societies.

Its emphasis is on the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of cultural evolution, which the authors explain in terms of a coherent theory of political economy—defined as the mobilization and exchange of goods and services between families. The authors show that the interconnected processes of technological change and population growth are the motor of social change, resulting in three related processes—intensification, integration, and stratification—that transform human societies over time. The validity of their theory rests on evidence drawn from 19 case studies that range widely over time and space.

For this new edition, the authors have thoroughly rewritten the theoretical argument for greater clarity, updated the case materials to incorporate new research, and added a new chapter that applies their theoretical perspective to the problems of change since the industrial revolution and the globalization of trade and political influence.

Reviews of the First Edition

"In a book full of perceptive observations and persuasive arguments . . . Johnson and Earle show in masterly detail how societies articulate to their environments and . . . how they evolve."

—Ethnohistory

"A major contribution. . . . The book is a marvelous synthesis of ethnographic and historical data."

—American Journal of Sociology

"A large amount of research and thought has produced sensible and illuminating specific analyses of the mechanisms of evolutionary change. Another plus is that the writing is clear and the argument is neatly conceived."

—American Anthropologist

• Sales Rank: #923319 in Books
• Color: Other
• Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
• Published on: 2000-12-01
• Released on: 2000-12-01
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.10" w x 6.00" l, 1.36 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 456 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Johnson and Earle show in masterly detail how societies articulate to their environments and . . . how they evolve."—Ethnohistory

From the Inside Flap
By combining an original thesis and a representative body of ethnographic data, this ambitious work seeks to describe and explain the growth in complexity of human societies.
Its emphasis is on the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of cultural evolution, which the authors explain in terms of a coherent theory of political economy—defined as the mobilization and exchange of goods and services between families. The authors show that the interconnected processes of technological change and population growth are the motor of social change, resulting in three related processes—intensification, integration, and stratification—that transform human societies over time. The validity of their theory rests on evidence drawn from 19 case studies that range widely over time and space.
For this new edition, the authors have thoroughly rewritten the theoretical argument for greater clarity, updated the case materials to incorporate new research, and added a new chapter that applies their theoretical perspective to the problems of change since the industrial revolution and the globalization of trade and political influence.
Reviews of the First Edition
“In a book full of perceptive observations and persuasive arguments . . . Johnson and Earle show in masterly detail how societies articulate to their environments and . . . how they evolve.”
—Ethnohistory
“A major contribution. . . . The book is a marvelous synthesis of ethnographic and historical data.”
—American Journal of Sociology
“A large amount of research and thought has produced sensible and illuminating specific analyses of the mechanisms of evolutionary change. Another plus is that the writing is clear and the argument is neatly conceived.”
—American Anthropologist

From the Back Cover
“Johnson and Earle show in masterly detail how societies articulate to their environments and . . . how they evolve.”—Ethnohistory

Most helpful customer reviews

12 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Interested in explanations for social complexity?
By Amazon Customer
This book is a must read for anyone who wants to understand how and why some societies have grown in complexity over time. Written from a materialist perspective, the authors have developed an elegant thesis for explaining the "causes, mechanisms, and patterns of cultural evolution. " This book has become a standard in many anthropology classes.

32 of 41 people found the following review helpful.
Solid but disappointing
By Larry M. Miller
An extremely intelligent and valuable book. In my experience of teaching it for several years, undergraduates find it overly dense and off-putting. Its strongest points are the numerous brief but well thought out summary ethnographic examples from the !kung-san to the Inka. Weakest point is the authors' conviction that school of Marvin Harris cultural evolutionism is the only useful key to thinking about human history

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Best Framework for Understanding Human History and Political Societies Ever. All in the Introduction.
By Gary H. Goubeau
Human history, all one needs to know to understand it anyway, in the first thirty-seven pages.

As other reviewers have commented, it is intellectually dense, and as compared to history and political science as usually taught and understood, counter intuitive.

Although demanding, it is very clearly written, even the jargonistic parts. One should go slowly, however. Every sentence seems to convey an importsnt idea.

It is a profound treatise, and and provides the framework for understanding the human experience. I rank it among the best books I have ever read.

That's the introduction. After that it can be tedious. At least for the casual student of anthropology/history, etc., but not always.

Get it, read it, absorb the concepts, and keep it on your bookshelf. Your perception and understanding of history and current events will never be the same.

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