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Winner of the 2007 Marshall Shulman Prize
The 1956 Hungarian revolution, and its suppression by the U.S.S.R., was a key event in the cold war, demonstrating deep dissatisfaction with both the communist system and old-fashioned Soviet imperialism. But now, fifty years later, the simplicity of this David and Goliath story should be revisited, according to Charles Gati's new history of the revolt.
Denying neither Hungarian heroism nor Soviet brutality, Failed Illusions nevertheless modifies our picture of what happened. Imre Nagy, a reform communist who headed the revolutionary government and turned into a genuine patriot, could not rise to the occasion by steering a realistic course between his people's demands and Soviet geopolitical and ideological interests. The United States was all talk, no action, while Radio Free Europe simultaneously backed the insurgents' unrealizable demands and opposed Nagy. In the end, the Soviet Union followed its imperial impulse instead of seeking a political solution to the crisis in the spirit of de-Stalinization.
Failed Illusions is based on extensive archival research, including the CIA's operational files, and hundreds of interviews with participants in Budapest, Moscow, and Washington. Personal observations by the author, a young reporter in Budapest in 1956, bring the tragic story vividly to life.
- Sales Rank: #483840 in Books
- Published on: 2006-08-22
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .90" w x 6.00" l, 1.28 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 280 pages
Review
"Gati's book towers high above the rest as by far the best book published on 1956... his work aims to examine what happened and to point to what could have happened given the other complex factors that were in play in 1956. The fruit of Gati's effort is an engaging, fascinating, and well-written narrative coupled wit masterful historical and political analysis."—Slavic Review
"This important work deepens our knowledge of events through scores of new documentary findings, filling in fascinating details about events, decisions, and key players' personal philosophies and points of view. It's the only book of its kind."—Malcolm Byrne, Deputy Director and Director of Research, National Security Archive"Gati draws on a wealth of archival evidence and personal interviews to produce a remarkably readable and provocative essay, rich in astute observations and illuminating anecdotes, and leavened by fragments of his personal and intellectual history."—International History Review
"Gati draws on reams of new research and documentary evidence from Hungary, while ferreting out scores of fascinating documents from the U.S. archives. Specialists on this subject will benefit immensely from this work, but the book is written in such an engaging manner that it will also appeal to a more general audience."—Mark Kramer, Director of Cold War Studies, Harvard University
"Failed Illusions casts incisively a new perspective on three key dimensions of the historic drama that was the Hungarian Revolution: the unsavory background and the heroic epiphany of Imre Nagy, the revolution's tragic leader; the confused, disruptive, and ultimately devious Soviet efforts to manipulate the Hungarian communists; and the impotent futility of US posturing which masqueraded as 'the policy of liberation.' Riveting as a story, significant as a history."—Zbigniew Brzezinski, former U.S. National Security Advisor, author of The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict
"Gati's book is eminently worth reading. Whether or not one agrees with his views and conclusions, it is a most valuable contribution to the scholarly literature on the subject."—Russian Review
"The main message on U.S. foreign policy in Gati's book resonates with me. We're forever spouting bullshit in foreign policy for domestic political reasons at great costs to people abroad, who take the bullshit seriously."—Leslie Gelb, President Emeritus, Council on Foreign Relations and former foreign-affairs columnist, New York Times
"Born and raised in Hungary, Gati...was a young journalist in Budapest at the time. Using hundreds of documents in the archives in Budapest, Moscow, and Washington, he has written a thorough and scholarly analysis of the revolution."—Library Journal
"Reading Failed Illusions is like reading a John le Carre novel with documentation. Charles Gati provides a suspenseful inside look into the types of issues and characters le Carre has portrayed in his novels yet Gati's story is all too real and tragic." —Stephen F. Szabo, Johns Hopkins University
"...Failed Illusions is a brilliant exercise in the counterfactual, a catalog of the "what ifs" that should be considered when thinking about the creation and perpetuation of the Soviet bloc."—The Moscow Times
"Failed Illusions sheds new light on American policy, especially the controversial role of Radio Free Europe as it encouraged the rebels....[and] Mr. Gati's excellent footnotes, several quite personal and poignant, give added depth to the story."—The Economist
"Charles Gati's Failed Illusions is a searching, scholarly account of the political calculations of the Kremlin, the White House, and the Hungarian Communist leadership."—New York Times Book Review"This book is a multilayered treatement of complex quetions in the history of the United State, the USSR, Hungary, the Cold War, and international realtions in general, and it will set the direction of discussion for a long time to come."—American Historical Review
"The product of more than 15 years of extraordinary research and interviewing, much of it in Hungarian, his book highlights just how much we have to learn about key Cold War events and, more important, how we should go about learning it."—Foreign Affairs
"Charles Gati's Failed Illusions is an outstanding work."—London Review of Books
"The '56-anniversary book that's gotten the most press is Charles Gati's Failed Illusions, which, in meticulous scholarly detail, fortifies the new, more depressing argument for why America didn't ride to the rescue with either military might or aggressive diplomacy."—BOOKFORUM
"Gati has undertaken an important, brilliant reappraisal of the 1956 Hungarian uprising and its subsequent violent suppression. Scholars of the Cold War, Hungarian history, and anyone interested in the popular revolution will be spellbound by this book."—CHOICE
"Charles Gatis Failed Illusions gives a comprehensive account of the Revolution in succinct and elegant prose along with his own analysis and some speculation."—New York Review of Books
"The main message on U.S. foreign policy in Gati's book resonates with me. We're forever spouting bullshit in foreign policy for domestic political reasons at great costs to people abroad, who take the bullshit seriously."
—Leslie Gelb, President Emeritus, Council on Foreign Relations and former foreign-affairs columnist, New York Times
"Riveting as a story, significant as a history." —Zbigniew Brzezinski
"Gati proposes a more realistic and critical analysis of the uprising than has been presented before...Gati has written an imminently readable book. I would recommend this as one of the best histories of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, which combines the best of personal recollection with archival research."
—Canadian Journal of History
From the Author
"Two weeks after Moscow crushed the revolution, I left Hungary, going first to Austria and then in a few weeks to the United States. I became one of some 182,000 refugees from Soviet-dominated Hungary. My parents, though I was their only child, did not discourage me from leaving. They stayed up all night before I left, watching me as I wrote a few notes of farewell to relatives and friends and put a few belongings together for my escape from uncertainty to uncertainty. Emerging from the kitchen, my mother came around to stuff her freshly baked sweets--the best in the world--into my small backpack. "Look up Uncle Sanyi in New York," she said. At dawn, when it was time to say goodbye, my father tried to hold back his tears but he could not. "Write often," he said, his voice quavering with emotion. We embraced. We kissed. As I left, they stood on the small balcony of our Barcsay Street apartment and waved. I walked backwards as long as I could see them, hoping they could also see me for another few seconds. (As I recall this scene some fifty years later, holding back my tears as my father once tried to do, I still see them waving on the balcony, and I always will.)
I did not fully appreciate until much later--when I had my own children in America--how unselfish my parents were to let go of me."
From the Inside Flap
The 1956 Hungarian revolution, and its suppression by the U.S.S.R., was a key event in the cold war, demonstrating deep dissatisfaction with both the communist system and old-fashioned Soviet imperialism. But now, fifty years later, the simplicity of this David and Goliath story should be revisited, according to Charles Gati's new history of the revolt.
Denying neither Hungarian heroism nor Soviet brutality, Failed Illusions nevertheless modifies our picture of what happened. Imre Nagy, a reform communist who headed the revolutionary government and turned into a genuine patriot, could not rise to the occasion by steering a realistic course between his people’s demands and Soviet geopolitical and ideological interests. The United States was all talk, no action, while Radio Free Europe simultaneously backed the insurgents' unrealizable demands and opposed Nagy. In the end, the Soviet Union followed its imperial impulse instead of seeking a political solution to the crisis in the spirit of de-Stalinization.
Failed Illusions is based on extensive archival research, including the CIA’s operational files, and hundreds of interviews with participants in Budapest, Moscow, and Washington. Personal observations by the author, a young reporter in Budapest in 1956, bring the tragic story vividly to life.
Most helpful customer reviews
27 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
A remarkable and exceptional book
By R. Stuart
When I read Charles Gati's prize winning "Hungary and the Soviet Bloc," I then thought that he had written the last and best word on our understanding of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 during the Cold War. Then, unexpectedly, several years later the Berlin Wall came down, Hungary and the USSR's East European satellites regained independence, and heretofore closed Cold War archives began to open. From archives in Budapest and Moscow as well as from dozens of interviews with participants of '56 both East and West, Professor Gati has written a classic of Cold War history and analysis which arguably will become the definitive account of the multi-sided, tragic events of 1956 in Hungary. No stone has been left unturned -- the author has read the minutes of the Politburo meetings in the Soviet Union and Hungary, as well as the interrogation and trial transcripts from the last days before his execution of Imre Nagy, former Prime Minister of Hungary. This fluently written, masterfully organized, and exeptionally well integrated small volume deserves to sit on the Cold War history shelf along with Allison's "Essence of Decision," the study of another major event of the era, the Cuban Missile Crisis.
In his overarching Introduction, Gati includes a brief but fascinating autobiographical recounting of his own experiences in Budapest as a young reporter during the tumultuous years after his high school graduation in 1953 to his flight with tens of thousands of Hungarians across the Austrian border after Soviet troops crushed the revolution in late 1956.
The author's thesis is the existence of the possibility of an alternative "limitationist" approach to demands, expectations, methods, and outcomes by all parties to the challenges of Hungary '56. Instead, however, as is vividly recounted in the book, the Hungarian leadership, the Budapest insurgents, Moscow, and Washington displayed variably, vacillating responses, revolutionary romanticism, imperial intransigence, and absolutist anti-communism, all of which produced disaster and great bloodshed for Budapest and its population 50 years ago this early November. As the author makes clear, it need not necessarily have ended in a zero-sum tragedy, but with some restraint on all sides might well have become a non-zero-sum outcome.
All parties to the failed revolution come in for well deserved criticism -- Nagy for his ineffectiveness as a leader (his portrait from the 1930s to his death in 1958 is the most complete and nuanced account of a foreign leader I have ever read), the young Hungarian insurgents for their unbridled demands and intemperate actions, Washington for the hypocrisy of its East European policies of "liberation" and "rollback," and most of all the Soviet Union for the extraordinary brutality and violence it rained down upon the people of Budapest.
In his splendid Epilogue, Charles Gati's well told story of the "failed illusions" of a half century ago, as well as his own life as a former Hungarian citizen, came full circle when he witnessed Nagy's cermonial reburial in Budapest's Heroes Square late spring 1989, with the demise of the Communist system in Hungary and East Europe in sight just months away. This is a remarkable and exceptional book.
13 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
A HumanJourney
By Frank Gado
Take the experts' word that this study is a reliable, extensive, and insightful account of the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. What strikes me is the personal element. We go from the recollections of a young, unsophisticated journalist of 22, caught in the tide of momentous events he does not understand, to the retrospection of a highly sophisticated scholar revisiting those events and doing his very best to look behind history's curtain to resolve their meaning. It is a gripping, honest, and personal account, rendered with the binocularity of five decades of study. A century from now, this will still be the book to read, not just for the facts but also for the feel of one of the 20th century's signal struggles.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Strong Analysis; 4.5 Stars
By R. Albin
This short and well written book is primarily an analytic overview of the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. This is not a detailed narrative and some background knowledge of Cold War history and the Hungarian Revolt is helpful in getting the most out of this book. The author, Charles Gati, has an interesting background. An academic political scientist specializing in Eastern Europe, he is himself an emigre who left Hungary as a young man after the failure of the Revolt. This book contains some interesting, and in one case, moving anecdotes about his experience in 1956, but the heart of the book is a rigorous and objective analysis of key issues related to the Revolt. Gati focuses on the role of the doomed Hungarian reform communist Imre Nagy, the actions of the Soviet Politburo, the actions (or to be more precise, lack of actions) of the Eisenhower administration, and because of considerable prior controversy, the role of the Hungarian language broadcasts of the US-supported Radio Free Europe.
As is generally known well, the Hungarian Revolt was an essentially spontaneous event brought about by the fluctuations of de-Stalinization in Eastern Europe. Conflicts within the Hungarian Party between the Stalinist factions and reform communists like Nagy, and inconsistent policies within the Soviet Politburo, produced paralysis in Hungary and generated an atmosphere in which small events could lead to considerable popular dissent. Gati shows well that the nature of the Hungarian governments in the years leading up to the Revolt had a great deal to do with the internal politics of the Soviet Politburo. One factor, for example, in the weakening of Soviet support for the Hungarian reform communists was the successful coup against Lavrenti Beria, the ruthless former NKVD head who was the most intelligent and imaginative of Stalin's successor. Gati poins to the prior crisis in Poland, where an analogous crisis resulted in a Soviet-Polish compromise solution forestalling Soviet military intervention. There was, however, no Hungarian equivalent to the Polish leader Gomulka, who faced down the Soviets. Gati shows Nagy, a relatively humane and decent man but also one dedicated to the Communist cause and the leadership of Moscow, as unable to seize leadership in the early days of Revolt. When he did finally achieve primacy, events had resulted in unrealistic demands and expectations from the rank and file of the Revolt, producing a situation that the Soviets could probably not accept.
Gati has a similarly acute discussion of the debates and uncertainties among the Soviet leadership, which shows them as willing to accept certain changes in the Hungary, perhaps even more than they accepted in Poland, but fluctuating quite a bit and responding in not always clear or rational ways to events in Hungary. The analysis of Washington's behavior is very interesting. The Eisenhower administration's policy was talk loudly and carry no stick. Despite considerable rhetoric about "roll back" and liberating Eastern Europe, the cautious Eisenhower and his advisors had no intention of doing anything substantial. Gati comments that the Eisenhower administration's policy statements had less to do with the realities of Eastern Europe than the political dynamics of the Republican party and Eisenhower's need to outflank the right wing of the party. Washington, in truth, was remarkably poorly prepared for events in Hungary. Not only did the Revolt take Washington by surprise (as it did the Soviets and the Hungarian leadership) but Washington had virtually no intelligence reources in Hungary and no contingency plans for any response. Gati is particularly and appropriately critical of Washington's inability to produce any kind of diplomatic response that might have given the Soviets a way to avoid a military intervention. A reflection of Washington's rhetorical posturing was the aggressive broadcasts of Radio Free Europe, which apparently encouraged unrealistic expectations on the part of the Hungarians and tended to undermine Nagy's position.
Gati concludes with an interesting counterfactual. If Nagy had been a Gomulka and exercised some imaginative leadership at the beginning of the uprising, dampening the demands and expectations of Hungarians, he might have been able to obtain some concessions from the Soviet leadership and avoid a miltary intervention. This might also have been made possible by creative diplomacy by the Americans. A solution without Soviet military intervention might have produced both a more humane Hungary and also facilitated a more realistic and productive US-Soviet relationship. Gati admits that this is unlikely but presents a plausible scenario.
This book is well written and documented very well. Gati draws on a substantial body of both English language and Hungarian scholarship, including original archival research, some of it in Soviet archives. Gati also interviewed quite a few of the participants. When reading this book, I strongly recommend careful attention to Gati's footnotes, which sometimes contain as much interesting information at the body of the text.
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