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Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism: Chapters in the Intellectual History of Radicalism, by A. James Gregor
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This work traces the changes in classical Marxism (the Marxism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) that took place after the death of its founders. It outlines the variants that appeared around the turn of the twentieth century—one of which was to be of influence among the followers of Adolf Hitler, another of which was to shape the ideology of Benito Mussolini, and still another of which provided the doctrinal rationale for V. I. Lenin's Bolshevism and Joseph Stalin's communism. This account differs from many others by rejecting a traditional left/right distinction—a distinction that makes it difficult to understand how totalitarian political institutions could arise out of presumably diametrically opposed political ideologies. Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism thus helps to explain the common features of "left-wing" and "right-wing" regimes in the twentieth century.
- Sales Rank: #1074322 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
- Published on: 2008-10-08
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.25 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 416 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
"A. James Gregor's life-long determination to clarify the origins and nature of Italian fascism seriously undermines the current common misconception that this ideology of trumpets and drums was little more than a thoughtless and opportunistic cover for violence and war. His well substantiated case study behoves historians both to consider Italy as more than a sideshow to Germany's National Socialism and to evaluate the consequences of scientific socialism as even more deadly than previously thought."—Terry Crowley, Canadian Journal of History
"Gregor provacatively argues that not only Leninism but also facism finds substantial inspiration in Marxism.... The sweep of Gregor's study is impressive, engaging with primary texts of not only the major thinkers but more minor figures as well . . . Recommended."—J. John, CHOICE
"The intellectual significance of this book is enormous. It deals with all major political-ideological currents and historical developments of the past century . . . It helps us to understand—indeed, to get to the bottom of—the origins and characteristics of twentieth-century revolutionary movements and ideologies." —Paul Hollander, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard
"This is an outstanding study of the Marxian sources of Fascism as a specific ideological corpus and 'fascism' as a modern totalitarian regime type . . . The scholarship is indeed of high excellence, the work of a mature scholar whose long experience and penetrating grasp of his subject shines through."—Carl A. Linden, George Washington University
About the Author
A. James Gregor is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Adjunct Professor at the Marine Corps University at Quantico, Virginia. He is the author of twenty-four books.
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
a wonderful piece of scholarship!
By John Aiello
This latest publication by A.James Gregor really summarizes a life of inspiring scholarship in radical ideology. Gregor gleans all his previous themes in fascism, socialism and national socialism. His chapter on Sorel alone privileges the books cost. I took all of Gregor's classes at UC Berkeley and cannot do justice to the depth of his brillance, his charisma, and his writing ability. You will learn more from this book than you would ever believe. I promise you!
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Clarifying the Marxist roots of fascism and totalitarianism
By applewood
Published in 2009 this book represents a summary of almost five decades of thought, research and teaching on fascism by Prof Gregor. It isn't always easy reading (his academic style is sometimes densely packed, and well, academic) but it makes for a fascinating and authoritative history (and I enjoyed it more than his similar The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century). The main point Gregor makes is that the terms fascism and totalitarianism have been defined by the Marxists, always in an effort to make them seem to be inherent to the capitalist system of their enemies. The meaning of "fascism" especially is obscured and deeply colored by World War 2 - when the Soviets were Axis allies and fought against the fascist, and defined their post-war form of communism as essentially "anti-fascist". In other words, fascism popularly came to mean all that is reactionary and anti-revolutionary - from right wing dictators to racist soccer hoodlums. But fascism originally was conceived of and understood to be an anti-capitalistic statist movement - a pragmatic national-socialist "third way" application of early 20th century Marxist revolutionary spirit.
One of the strongest impressions I got from this book is how crazy Marx and Engels were (reasoning a bit like the brilliant yet twisted Mad-Hatter in one of Alice's adventures down under), and that the desire for change (violently via revolution!) was obviously widespread in 19th century Europe (and 20th century Asia, Africa and the Americas...), so that their inherent flaw in reasoning (that the external world and socio-political institutions are the only places real lasting change can and need happen - i.e. materialism) was never seriously questioned by both the masses and their elite leaders - until it was shown through trial and error just how terribly wrong-headed it had been from the start.
What I like most in all this is how Gregor frees up the rigid old ideas (left-right paradigm), so we can see them more objectively (and holistically). Yet to refute the Marxist views he by necessity has to communicate with their terms and so mostly stays inside their narrow intellectual box, and so doesn't explain how the Marxists were basically confused to not understand Capitalism as an economic system, and Imperialism, Marxism and Communism as primarily political systems - and so really not on the same playing field (and thus not in direct competition - while the fascist and communist WERE competing for the same political turf). Thus we have the unthinkable reality (to Marx and Engels no doubt) that today's China is simultaneously the world's largest capitalist AND communist nation.
It is refreshing that almost 100 years later (in large part due to the obvious failure of 20th century communism), the whole subject is open for redefinition. No longer is the political spectrum defined as the Marxist's wanted to see it both before and after WW2 (Marxism as a good on the left, and Fascism as an evil on the right). More and more, inquiring minds are seeing it as a multi-dimentional spectrum, and if having to be expressed on a linear axis, more accurately as the far left being the ideology of a totalitarian rule of one, and the far right being the anarchic rule of none; or more succinctly the left as being the realm of tyranny and the right of liberty.
This book helps clarify why such a reassessment is happening now, by tracing in detail the developments of classical Marxism which morphed around the turn of the 20th century from a common root into the competing ideologies of Hitler's Nazism and Mussolini's Fascism on one side, and Lenin's Bolshevism and Stalin's communism on the other. Gregor's approach is concerned with the actual historical expression of this diverse Marxist inspired revolutionary spirit, and so presents a more nuanced understanding of the political spectrum that attempts to transcend simplistic and easily stereotyped ideas, with the goal of helping humanity avoid a repeat of the horrific mistakes of the 20th century.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Turns Popular - but False - Notions on Their Heads
By erick
A very good, in-depth study (with references to sources for further analysis) which clearly points out the common ancestry between Fascism (along with Nazism - National Socialism) and Marxism. For far too long, Fascism has been equated as being a polar opposite of Marxist philosophy, which is not when studied properly without bias. This book does a great job pointing out the fallacies of popular misconceptions and what I call 'political myths' (i.e. "Fascism was capitalist" - simply not true b/c Fascists supported economic central-planning and were staunchly opposed to free-markets).
Anyone with a taste of objective, historical and political study, especially upon this subject, should read this book.
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