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Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1, Grammar, by Joseph Greenberg
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The basic thesis of this book is that the well known and extensively studied Indo-European family of languages is but a branch of a much larger Eurasiatic family that extends from northern Asia to North America. Eurasiatic is seen to consist of Indo-European, Uralic-Yukaghir, Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus-Manchu), Japanese-Korean-Ainu (possibly a distinct subgroup of Eurasiatic), Gilyak, Chuckchi-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo-Aleut. The author asserts that the evidence for the validity of Eurasiatic as a single linguistic family, including the vocabulary evidence to be presented in Volume II on semantics, confirms his hypothesis since the numerous and interlocking resemblances he finds among the various subgroups can only reasonably be explained by descent from a common ancestor.
The evidence in this volume deals in great detail with the distribution of 72 grammatical elements and the forms they take in the various Eurasiatic languages. The book also contains a historical introduction and a discussion of certain phonological phenomena. Of these phenomena, the most important is the vocal-harmony system found in many of these languages that is the ancestor of the so-called Ablaut variations of vowels in Indo-European, still seen in English in such contrasts as “come”/”came.” The origin and earliest form of this system have long been a puzzle to Indo-Europeanists, but in this work they are shown to be the outcome of this original system.
An appendix deals with the vowel variation of Ainu, which resembles that of other languages in Eurasiatic. The origin of the Ainu has hitherto been considered a great mystery, and this volume shows a north Asian origin, not, as some have thought, one in Southeast Asia or the Pacific. The book also includes a Classification of Eurasiatic Languages and an Index of the Etymologies.
- Sales Rank: #3686214 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Stanford University Press
- Published on: 2000-02-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.50 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 344 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
“A very important book by a man whose work has been central to discussions of comparative linguistics throughout the second half of the 20th century.”—Carol Justus, University of Texas, Austin
From the Inside Flap
The basic thesis of this book is that the well known and extensively studied Indo-European family of languages is but a branch of a much larger Eurasiatic family that extends from northern Asia to North America. Eurasiatic is seen to consist of Indo-European, Uralic-Yukaghir, Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus-Manchu), Japanese-Korean-Ainu (possibly a distinct subgroup of Eurasiatic), Gilyak, Chuckchi-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo-Aleut. The author asserts that the evidence for the validity of Eurasiatic as a single linguistic family, including the vocabulary evidence to be presented in Volume II on semantics, confirms his hypothesis since the numerous and interlocking resemblances he finds among the various subgroups can only reasonably be explained by descent from a common ancestor.
The evidence in this volume deals in great detail with the distribution of 72 grammatical elements and the forms they take in the various Eurasiatic languages. The book also contains a historical introduction and a discussion of certain phonological phenomena. Of these phenomena, the most important is the vocal-harmony system found in many of these languages that is the ancestor of the so-called Ablaut variations of vowels in Indo-European, still seen in English in such contrasts as “come”/”came.” The origin and earliest form of this system have long been a puzzle to Indo-Europeanists, but in this work they are shown to be the outcome of this original system.
An appendix deals with the vowel variation of Ainu, which resembles that of other languages in Eurasiatic. The origin of the Ainu has hitherto been considered a great mystery, and this volume shows a north Asian origin, not, as some have thought, one in Southeast Asia or the Pacific. The book also includes a Classification of Eurasiatic Languages and an Index of the Etymologies.
From the Back Cover
“A very important book by a man whose work has been central to discussions of comparative linguistics throughout the second half of the 20th century.”—Carol Justus, University of Texas, Austin
Most helpful customer reviews
85 of 93 people found the following review helpful.
A difficult book that will go down in history
By Ben Thomas
This is no more a book for the casual reader than is Newton's _Principia_; but, like the _Principia_, it leaves its subject transformed forever. Greenberg argues that the Indo-European language family should be seen as part of a superfamily that also includes the Uralic, Altaic, Yukaghir, Gilyak, and Chukotian families; Korean, Japanese, and Ainu (seen as distantly related members of a single family); and the Eskimo-Aleut languages, another family. Plus Etruscan. This volume concentrates on "grammar"--mostly pronouns, suffixes and prefixes with grammatical functions, and other formatives; a second volume on vocabulary is planned.
Greenberg's methodology, focusing on the assessment of degrees of probable relationship rather than the quasi-mathematical demonstration of relationship via laws of sound change, is controversial. Yet he makes a strong case supporting the claim that the patterns he demonstrates are stronger than any of their individual data points. Even a small subset of the evidence he presents (for example, the material on first- and second-person pronouns and verb endings) is hard to account for except by genetic relationship of the languages involved.
A virtue of the book is the testability of the relationships he alleges: it opens the way for further study which can strengthen or weaken his case.
It is hard to imagine that a common ancestor for Finnish, Sanskrit, Japanese, and the Eskimo languages--and most of the languages in between--could be more recent than the last ice age. I find it wonderful that elements of English that we use every day, in almost every sentence--the "m" of "am" and "me," the "g" of "ego" (buried just under the surface of "I"), the "th" of "the" (transformed from an earlier "t"), and the"sc" of "crescent" and "fluorescent"--could be shared across the whole northern cap of the planet, passed down to us from linguistic ancestors who witnessed perhaps ten thousand years of history.
Perhaps the most provocative element of the title is the word "closest." Greenberg argues here for only one linguistic superfamily, equal in status to a number of others--one galaxy, as it were, in the starry heavens. What, then, is the closest other galaxy to ours? The American Indian languages, from Canada to Patagonia.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
A powerful proposition
By Thomas Ahlswede
Reconstructing a proto-language, or establishing "sound laws", are not the only ways to demonstrate a relationship; in fact, both procedures *presuppose* a relationship. The unity of the Indo-European languages was established not by the reconstruction of proto-Indo-European (which was belated, and quite inaccurate when first attempted), but by the massive piling up of apparent correspondences - some of which turned out to be false.
That is what Greenberg has done for Eurasiatic. Some of his proposed correspondences will no doubt prove to be false, as he has predicted. His expectation (fully justified IMO) is that a sufficient number of them will *not* prove to be false - and, as full comparative studies are launched, will eventually be confirmed by the rigorous Comparative Method.
As he has said many times, Greenberg does not oppose the comparative method; he asserts, accurately, that it is a way of testing a proposed relationship, or more correctly a classification, rather than a way of *finding* relationships in the first place. Successful comparative studies have always been based on the presumption of a relationship. Who would bother to apply the comparative method to languages they did not believe were related?
So, in this volume and its successor, Greenberg has taken the first necessary step: pile up apparent correspondences in order to establish the presumption of a relationship. His method, while not "The Comparative Method", does successfully what it sets out to do, if nothing more. It establishes the presumption of a relationship, which can then be fleshed out more completely by future work.
19 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
A dreadful, misleading book.
By William J. Poser
Real historical linguists demonstrate that languages are related by establishing regular sound correspondences in basic vocabulary and correspondences in idiosyncratic aspects of the morphology. Moreover, they work hard to determine whether the similarities that they observe are attributable to language contact or common descent. This methodology, developed over the past two centuries, has gradually replaced the unsystematic comparison of isolated words and morphemes with little regard for the possibility of diffusion that characterized earlier attempts at comparing languages. We now understand that such unsystematic comparison leaves open the possibility that the observed similarities are due to chance and provides no way to exclude loans. These concerns are not merely theoretical - the history of linguistics provides numerous examples of classifications made using prescientific methods that are now known to be wrong.
This book, like the author's other work in historical linguistics, is an unfortunate throwback to the age of prescientific historical linguistics. He makes no attempt to establish sound correspondences, and most of what he calls "grammar" consist of isolated grammatical morphemes, not the more diagnostic idiosyncratic grammatical processes. Indeed, much of what he calls morphology consists of pronouns, which are not difficult to borrow. (The English pronouns "they" and "them", for example, are Scandinavian loans.) He does not give serious attention to the question of what might be accounted for by language contact. Furthermore, many of the similarities he discusses are well known, so he isn't even adducing new evidence.
The final problem with this book is that, even if his argument convinces you that the languages in question are related to each other, he provides no evidence that they form a valid genetic group. That is, we have no reason to believe that his "Eurasiatic" languages are more closely related to each other than any of them is to any other language. In order to establish such a claim, it is necessary not only to show that they are related, but that similar evidence of relationship does not exist with still other languages. This he does not even attempt to do.
In sum, this book is neither persuasive nor very original. It is a shame that an otherwise respectable publisher should try to pass off this sort of tripe to the lay reader.
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